The CNC lathe is composed of a CNC device, a bed, a spindle box, a tool holder feed system, a tailstock, a hydraulic system, a cooling system, a lubrication system, a chip conveyor and other parts.
CNC lathes are divided into two types: vertical CNC lathes and horizontal CNC lathes.
Vertical CNC lathes are used for turning disc parts with large rotation diameters.
Horizontal CNC lathes are used for turning parts with long axial dimensions or small discs.
Horizontal CNC lathes can be further divided into economic CNC lathes, ordinary CNC lathes and turning machining centers according to their functions.
Economical CNC lathe: a simple CNC lathe formed by using a stepper motor and a single-chip microcomputer to transform the turning feed system of an ordinary lathe. The cost is low, the degree of automation and function are relatively poor, and the turning accuracy is not high, which is suitable for the turning of rotary parts with low requirements.
Ordinary CNC lathe: a CNC lathe formed by specially designed in structure and equipped with a general CNC system according to the requirements of turning processing. The numerical control system has strong functions, high degree of automation and machining accuracy, and is suitable for turning of general rotary parts. This CNC lathe can control two coordinate axes at the same time, i.e., the x-axis and the z-axis.
Turning centers
Turning machining center: on the basis of ordinary CNC lathes, C-axis and power head are added, and more advanced machine tools also have a tool magazine, which can control X, Z and C three coordinate axes, and the linkage control axis can be (X, Z), (X, C) or (Z, C). Due to the addition of the C-axis and the milling power head, the machining function of this CNC lathe is greatly enhanced, in addition to general turning, it can also carry out radial and axial milling, surface milling, drilling of holes and radial holes where the centerline is not in the center of rotation of the part.
Hydraulic chuck and hydraulic tailstock
Hydraulic chuck is an important accessory for clamping workpieces during CNC turning machining, ordinary hydraulic chuck can be used for general rotary parts, special chucks are needed for parts that are not cylindrical parts to be clamped, and spring chucks are needed when directly machining parts with bars. For parts with a large ratio of axial size and radial size, it is necessary to use a live center installed on the hydraulic tailstock to support the tail end of the part, so as to ensure the correct processing of the part. The tailstock has an ordinary hydraulic tailstock and a programmable hydraulic tailstock.
Universal turret
CNC lathes can be equipped with two types of tool holders:
(1) Special tool holder: developed by the lathe manufacturer itself, the tool holder used is also special. The advantage of this type of turret is that it is low manufacturing cost, but it lacks versatility.
(2) General tool holder: According to a certain general standard (such as VDI, German Engineers Association) and the production of tool holder, CNC lathe manufacturers can choose the configuration according to the functional requirements of CNC lathes.
Milling power head
After installing the milling power head on the tool holder of the CNC lathe, the machining capacity of the CNC lathe can be greatly expanded. For example, the milling power head is used for axial drilling and milling of axial grooves.
Tools for CNC lathes
When turning parts on a CNC lathe or turning machining center, the position of the tool on the tool holder should be reasonably and scientifically arranged according to the structure of the tool holder of the lathe and the number of tools that can be installed, and attention should be paid to avoid the interference between the tool and the machine tool, the tool and the workpiece, and the tool when the tool is stationary and working.
Machine tool composition
The main machine, which is the main body of the CNC machine tool, includes the machine body, column, spindle, feed mechanism and other mechanical parts. He is a mechanical component used to complete various cutting operations.
The numerical control device is the core of the CNC machine tool, including hardware (printed circuit board, CRT display, key box, paper tape reader, etc.) and the corresponding software, which is used to input the digital part program, and complete the storage of input information, the transformation of data, the interpolation operation and the realization of various control functions.
The drive device is the driving component of the actuator of the CNC machine tool, including the spindle drive unit, the feed unit, the spindle motor and the feed motor. He implements spindle and feed drives via an electrical or electro-hydraulic servo system under the control of a numerical control unit. When several feeds are linked, positioning, straight lines, plane curves and spatial curves can be processed.
Auxiliary devices, some necessary supporting components of the index control machine tool, are used to ensure the operation of the CNC machine tool, such as cooling, chip removal, lubrication, lighting, monitoring, etc. It includes hydraulic and pneumatic devices, chip removal devices, exchange tables, CNC turntables and CNC indexing heads, as well as tools and monitoring and testing devices.
Programming and other ancillary equipment can be used to program and store parts outside the machine.
Since 1952, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed the world's first CNC machine tool, CNC machine tools have been widely used in the manufacturing industry, especially in the automotive, aerospace, and military industries.